Major
anions: the counterions in solution
that are required for
electrical neutrality
are generally
HCO3- freshwater Cl- saltwater,
• SO42- sulphate is an
example of an oxo
anion.
Other common examples in
natural waters
are carbonate CO32-, phosphate PO43-
and nitrate NO3-.
• Br-, F- are minor ions in
saltwater.