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10
CH3041
SPECIES DISTRIBUTION
• The major reactive
species in freshwater
is bicarbonate.
• A higher pH will
increase [CO32-] ,
and carbonates will
deposit (> Ksp).
• HCO3- D CO32-  +  H+ 
• The bicarbonate / carbonate system acts as a buffer that maintains many aquatic systems within a viable pH.
Polluted
Fresh
Sea
CO2
Soft
Hard