1952 the air particle
load reduced
light intensity during
mid-day to
0.1% of normal, visibility
< 30m,
4mg m-3 SO2, 6mg m-3 particles
• 1 week later 4000
people had died.
• Deaths were not
due to high [SO2] but rather
to the inhalation of
highly acidic particulate
matter + SO2 - a synergistic effect.
• The presence of
high [CO]
& [SO2] means
that these fogs are reducing smogs.
• Stationary
sources of combustion are the
main sources of 1o pollution. It is now found
in cities such as Prague,
Krakow, Shanghai.